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Linux Command New Bourne Again Shell

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GNU replacement for the Bourne shell

Bash
Gnu-bash-logo.svg
Bash screenshot.png

Screenshot of a Fustigate session
Original writer(s) Brian Fox
Programmer(south) Chet Ramey[1] [ii]
Initial release June viii, 1989; 32 years ago  (1989-06-08)
Stable release

five.1.16[3]Edit this on Wikidata / 5 January 2022
Preview release

5.2-alpha[4]Edit this on Wikidata / 20 January 2022
Repository
  • git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/bash.git Edit this at Wikidata
Written in C
Operating system
  • Unix-like[5]
  • macOS (GPL-2.0-or-later; GPL-3.0-or-later available through third parties)
  • Windows (GPL-3.0-or-later)[6] [7]
Platform GNU
Available in Multilingual (gettext)
Type Unix shell, command linguistic communication
License Since 4.0: GPL-3.0-or-afterwards[eight]
1.xi? to 3.ii: GPL-2.0-or-later[9]
0.99? to 1.05?: GPL-1.0-or-after[10] [11] [12]
Website www.gnu.org/software/bash/

Bash is a Unix shell and command linguistic communication written by Brian Play a trick on for the GNU Project as a free software replacement for the Bourne shell.[13] [14] First released in 1989,[15] it has been used as the default login beat out for most Linux distributions.[xvi] A version is besides available for Windows 10 via the Windows Subsystem for Linux.[17] It is also the default user shell in Solaris eleven.[18] Bash was likewise the default shell in all versions of Apple macOS prior to the 2022 release of macOS Catalina, which changed the default beat to zsh, although Fustigate remains available as an alternative shell.[19]

Fustigate is a command processor that typically runs in a text window where the user types commands that crusade actions. Bash tin can also read and execute commands from a file, called a shell script. Like most Unix shells, it supports filename globbing (wildcard matching), piping, here documents, command substitution, variables, and control structures for condition-testing and iteration. The keywords, syntax, dynamically scoped variables and other bones features of the language are all copied from sh. Other features, e.m., history, are copied from csh and ksh. Fustigate is a POSIX-compliant shell, merely with a number of extensions.

The shell'south name is an acronym for Bourne Once more Shell, a pun on the proper name of the Bourne shell that it replaces[20] and the notion of being "built-in once again".[21] [22]

A security hole in Bash dating from version 1.03 (August 1989),[23] dubbed Shellshock, was discovered in early September 2022 and quickly led to a range of attacks beyond the Internet.[24] [25] [26] Patches to gear up the bugs were made available before long subsequently the bugs were identified.

History [edit]

Brian Play tricks began coding Bash on January 10, 1988,[27] after Richard Stallman became dissatisfied with the lack of progress being fabricated by a prior developer.[13] Stallman and the Free Software Foundation (FSF) considered a free shell that could run existing shell scripts and so strategic to a completely gratis system built from BSD and GNU code that this was 1 of the few projects they funded themselves, with Play a joke on undertaking the piece of work as an employee of FSF.[13] [28] Fox released Bash as a beta, version .99, on June 8, 1989,[15] and remained the primary maintainer until onetime between mid-1992[29] and mid-1994,[xxx] when he was laid off from FSF[31] and his responsibleness was transitioned to another early contributor, Chet Ramey.[32] [33] [34]

Since then, Bash has go by far the well-nigh popular shell amidst users of Linux, condign the default interactive shell on that operating system's diverse distributions[35] [36] (although Almquist beat out may be the default scripting trounce) and on Apple tree'south macOS releases before Catalina in October 2019.[37] [38] [16] Bash has also been ported to Microsoft Windows and distributed with Cygwin and MinGW, to DOS by the DJGPP project, to Novell NetWare, to OpenVMS by the GNV project,[39] to ArcaOS,[40] and to Android via various last emulation applications.

In September 2014, Stéphane Chazelas, a Unix/Linux specialist,[41] discovered a security bug in the program. The issues, first disclosed on September 24, was named Shellshock and assigned the numbers CVE-2014-6271, CVE-2014-6277 and CVE-2014-7169. The bug was regarded as astringent, since CGI scripts using Bash could be vulnerable, enabling capricious code execution. The problems was related to how Bash passes role definitions to subshells through environment variables.[42]

Features [edit]

The Bash command syntax is a superset of the Bourne shell command syntax. Bash supports brace expansion, command line completion (Programmable Completion),[43] basic debugging[44] and indicate handling (using trap) since bash 2.05a[45] among other features. Fustigate tin execute the vast majority of Bourne shell scripts without modification, with the exception of Bourne beat out scripts stumbling into fringe syntax behavior interpreted differently in Bash or attempting to run a system command matching a newer Bash builtin, etc. Fustigate command syntax includes ideas fatigued from the KornShell (ksh) and the C crush (csh) such as command line editing, command history (history command),[46] the directory stack, the $RANDOM and $PPID variables, and POSIX command commutation syntax $(…).

When a user presses the tab central within an interactive control-shell, Fustigate automatically uses command line completion, since beta version 2.04,[47] to match partly typed program names, filenames and variable names. The Bash control-line completion system is very flexible and customizable, and is often packaged with functions that complete arguments and filenames for specific programs and tasks.

Bash's syntax has many extensions defective in the Bourne vanquish. Bash tin perform integer calculations ("arithmetic evaluation") without spawning external processes. Information technology uses the ((…)) command and the $((…)) variable syntax for this purpose. Its syntax simplifies I/O redirection. For example, it can redirect standard output (stdout) and standard error (stderr) at the same time using the &> operator. This is simpler to type than the Bourne shell equivalent 'command > file 2>&1'. Fustigate supports process substitution using the <(command) and >(command)syntax, which substitutes the output of (or input to) a command where a filename is normally used. (This is implemented through /proc/fd/ unnamed pipes on systems that support that, or via temporary named pipes where necessary).

When using the 'office' keyword, Bash function declarations are non compatible with Bourne/Korn/POSIX scripts (the KornShell has the same problem when using 'function'), but Fustigate accepts the same function declaration syntax as the Bourne and Korn shells, and is POSIX-conformant. Because of these and other differences, Bash shell scripts are rarely runnable under the Bourne or Korn shell interpreters unless deliberately written with that compatibility in mind, which is becoming less common as Linux becomes more widespread. But in POSIX way, Bash conforms with POSIX more closely.[48]

Bash supports here documents. Since version two.05b Bash can redirect standard input (stdin) from a "here cord" using the <<< operator.

Bash 3.0 supports in-process regular expression matching using a syntax reminiscent of Perl.[49]

In February 2009,[50] Fustigate four.0 introduced support for associative arrays.[xi] Associative array indices are strings, in a manner similar to AWK or Tcl.[51] They can be used to emulate multidimensional arrays. Bash iv likewise switches its license to GPL-3.0-or-later; some users suspect this licensing change is why MacOS continues to apply older versions.[52] Apple finally stopped using Bash in their operating systems with the release of MacOS Catalina in 2019.[19]

Caryatid expansion [edit]

Brace expansion, also called alternation, is a feature copied from the C trounce. It generates a gear up of alternative combinations. Generated results need not exist as files. The results of each expanded cord are not sorted and left to right order is preserved: 

                        $                        echo            a{p,c,d,b}e            ape ace ade abe            $                        echo            {a,b,c}{d,e,f}            advertising ae af bd exist bf cd ce cf

Users should non use brace expansions in portable shell scripts, because the Bourne shell does not produce the same output. 

                        $                        # A traditional shell does non produce the same output            $            /bin/sh -c            'echo a{p,c,d,b}e'            a{p,c,d,b}e

When brace expansion is combined with wildcards, the braces are expanded first, and then the resulting wildcards are substituted commonly. Hence, a list of JPEG and PNG images in the electric current directory could exist obtained using: 

            ls *.{jpg,jpeg,png}            # expands to *.jpg *.jpeg *.png - after which,            # the wildcards are candy            repeat            *.{png,jp{east,}g}            # echo just show the expansions -            # and braces in braces are possible.

In addition to alternation, brace expansion can exist used for sequential ranges between two integers or characters separated past double dots. Newer versions of Fustigate let a third integer to specify the increment. 

                        $                        echo            {            1..x}            1 2 three four v 6 vii 8 9 10            $                        echo            file{            1..4}.txt            file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt file4.txt            $                        echo            {a..e}            a b c d e            $                        repeat            {            1..10..3}            1 iv 7 10            $                        repeat            {a..j..iii}            a d g j

When caryatid expansion is combined with variable expansion (A.Chiliad.A. parameter expansion and parameter substitution) the variable expansion is performed after the brace expansion, which in some cases may necessitate the utilise of the eval built-in, thus: 

                        $                        start            =            ane            ;            terminate            =            10            $                        echo            {            $start..$end            }            # fails to expand due to the evaluation order            {1..10}            $                        eval            repeat            {            $start..$cease            }            # variable expansion occurs then resulting cord is evaluated            1 2 3 four 5 6 vii 8 9 ten

Startup scripts [edit]

When Bash starts, information technology executes the commands in a variety of dot files. Unlike Bash shell scripts, dot files do not typically have execute permission enabled nor an interpreter directive like #!/bin/bash.

Legacy-uniform Bash startup example [edit]

The skeleton ~/.bash_profile below is compatible with the Bourne shell and gives semantics similar to csh for the ~/.bashrc and ~/.bash_login. The [ -r filename ] && cmd is a short-circuit evaluation that tests if filename exists and is readable, skipping the office afterward the && if it is non. 

                        [            -r ~/.contour            ]            &&            . ~/.profile            # prepare environment, in one case, Bourne-sh syntax only            if            [            -n            "            $PS1            "            ]            ;            then            # are we interactive?            [            -r ~/.bashrc            ]            &&            . ~/.bashrc            # tty/prompt/function setup for interactive shells            [            -r ~/.bash_login            ]            &&            . ~/.bash_login            # any at-login tasks for login shell but            fi            # End of "if" block

Operating system problems in Fustigate startup [edit]

Some versions of Unix and Linux contain Fustigate organization startup scripts, generally nether the /etc directories. Bash calls these as part of its standard initialization, but other startup files can read them in a different order than the documented Bash startup sequence. The default content of the root user's files may also have problems, besides as the skeleton files the organization provides to new user accounts upon setup. The startup scripts that launch the X window system may too exercise surprising things with the user's Fustigate startup scripts in an attempt to ready up user-environment variables before launching the window manager. These issues can often be addressed using a ~/.xsession or ~/.xprofile file to read the ~/.contour — which provides the surround variables that Fustigate shell windows spawned from the window manager need, such every bit xterm or Gnome Terminal.

Portability [edit]

Invoking Bash with the --posix selection or stating ready -o posix in a script causes Bash to suit very closely to the POSIX 1003.2 standard.[53] Bash shell scripts intended for portability should take into account at least the POSIX shell standard. Some fustigate features not found in POSIX are:[53] [54]

  • Certain extended invocation options
  • Brace expansion
  • Arrays and associative arrays
  • The double bracket [[ ... ]] extended exam construct and its regex matching
  • The double-parentheses arithmetic-evaluation construct (only (( ... )); $(( ... )) is POSIX)
  • Certain string-manipulation operations in parameter expansion
  • local for scoped variables
  • Process substitution
  • Fustigate-specific builtins
  • Coprocesses
  • $EPOCHSECONDS and $EPOCHREALTIME variables [55]

If a piece of lawmaking uses such a feature, it is called a "bashism" – a problem for portable use. Debian'south checkbashisms and Vidar Holen's shellcheck tin can be used to brand sure that a script does not contain these parts.[56] [57] The list varies depending on the actual target shell: Debian's policy allows some extensions in their scripts (equally they are in the dash shell),[54] while a script intending to support pre-POSIX Bourne shells, like autoconf's configure, are even more limited in the features they can use.[58]

Keyboard shortcuts [edit]

Fustigate uses readline to provide keyboard shortcuts for command line editing using the default (Emacs) key bindings. Half dozen-bindings tin can be enabled by running set -o half-dozen.[59]

Procedure management [edit]

The Fustigate vanquish has two modes of execution for commands: batch, and concurrent mode.

To execute commands in batch (i.e., in sequence) they must be separated by the grapheme ";", or on separate lines:

in this example, when command1 is finished, command2 is executed.

A background execution of command1 can occur using (symbol &) at the end of an execution command, and process will be executed in background returning immediately control to the beat and allowing continued execution of commands.

Or to have a concurrent execution of two command1 and command2, they must be executed in the Bash beat out in the post-obit way:

In this example command1 is executed in the groundwork & symbol, returning immediately control to the shell that executes command2 in the foreground.

A process can be stopped and control returned to bash by typing Ctrl+z while the process is running in the foreground.[60]

A list of all processes, both in the background and stopped, can be achieved past running jobs: 

                        $                        jobs            [1]-  Running                  command1 &            [2]+  Stopped                  command2

In the output, the number in brackets refers to the chore id. The plus sign signifies the default process for bg and fg. The text "Running" and "Stopped" refer to the Process state. The last string is the command that started the process.

The country of a procedure can exist changed using diverse commands. The fg control brings a procedure to the foreground, while bg sets a stopped process running in the groundwork. bg and fg can accept a chore id as their first statement, to specify the process to act on. Without ane, they use the default process, identified past a plus sign in the output of jobs. The kill control tin be used to stop a process prematurely, past sending information technology a signal. The chore id must be specified afterward a pct sign:

Conditional execution [edit]

Bash supplies "conditional execution" control separators that make execution of a command contingent on the exit code set by a precedent command. For example: 

                        cd            "            $SOMEWHERE            "            &&            ./do_something            ||            repeat            "An error occurred"            >&            2

Where ./do_something is only executed if the cd (change directory) command was "successful" (returned an exit status of zero) and the echo control would but be executed if either the cd or the ./do_something command return an "mistake" (not-zero go out status).

For all commands the exit status is stored in the special variable $?. Fustigate also supports if ...; and then ...; else ...; fi and case $VARIABLE in $design )...;; $other_pattern )...;; esac forms of conditional command evaluation.

Bug reporting [edit]

"bashbug" redirects hither. For the widely reported September 2022 issues constitute in Bash, see Shellshock (software bug).

An external control called bashbug reports Bash shell bugs. When the command is invoked, information technology brings up the user's default editor with a form to fill in. The form is mailed to the Bash maintainers (or optionally to other email addresses).[61] [62]

Programmable completion [edit]

Bash supports programmable completion via built-in consummate, compopt, and compgen commands.[63] The feature has been available since the beta version of 2.04 released in 2000.[64] [65] These commands enable complex and intelligent completion specification for commands (i.e. installed programs), functions, variables, and filenames.[66]

The complete and compopt ii commands specify how arguments of some available commands or options are going to exist listed in the readline input. Every bit of version 5.ane completion of the command or the option is commonly activated by the Tab ↹ keystroke later on typing its name.[66]

Release history [edit]

Version Release date Release notes
bash-5.1 2020-12-07 github version history NEWS [eleven]
bash-five.0 2019-01-07 [67] [68] [69]
bash-5.0-rc1 2018-12-twenty
bash-5.0-beta2 2018-11-28
bash-5.0-beta 2018-09-17
bash-5.0-alpha 2018-05-22
bash-4.4 2016-09-fifteen github version history NEWS v4.4
bash-4.four-rc2 2016-08-22
bash-4.4-rc1 2016-02-24
fustigate-4.four-beta2 2016-07-xi
bash-4.4-beta 2015-10-12
bash-four.3 2014-02-26
bash-4.2 2011-02-13
bash-4.1 2009-12-31
bash-4.0 2009-02-20
bash-4.0-rc1 2009-01-12
bash-3.2 2006-x-11
bash-3.1 2005-12-08
bash-3.0 2004-08-03
fustigate-2.05b 2002-07-17
fustigate-2.05a 2001-xi-16
bash-2.05 2001-04-09
bash-2.04 2000-03-21
bash-2.03 1999-02-19
fustigate-2.02 1998-04-18
bash-2.01 1997-06-05
bash-2.0 1996-12-31

See likewise [edit]

  • Comparison of control shells

References [edit]

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External links [edit]

  • Official website
  • Hamilton, Naomi (May 30, 2008). "The A-Z of Programming Languages: BASH/Bourne-Once more Crush". Computerworld. Archived from the original on November 8, 2016. (interview with GNU Bash'due south maintainer, Chet Ramey)

benitezparme1954.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash_(Unix_shell)

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